The double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present work was to study the relationship between the double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants. METHOD: ology: Sample included 5900 infants under 24 months of age, participants of the ENSANUT-ECU study. To evaluate nutritional status, we calculated z-scores for body mass index/age (BAZ) and height/age (HAZ). Six gross motor milestones were considered: sitting without-support, crawling, standing and walking with-support, standing and walking without-support. Data was analysed using logistic regression models in R. RESULTS: Independently form age, sex and other socio-economic factors, the probability of achieving three gross motor milestones was significantly lower among chronically undernourished infants compared to their peers: sitting without-support, crawling, and walking without-support. Compared to no malnourished infants the probability of sitting without-support at six months was 10% lower for chronically undernourished infants (0.70, 95%CI [0.64-0.75]; 0.60, 95%CI [0.52-0.67]; respectively). The probability of crawling at eight months and walking without-support at 12 months were also significantly lower among chronically undernourished infants (0.62, 95%CI [0.58-0.67]); 0.25, 95%CI [0.20-0.30]; respectively) in comparison to no malnourished infants (0.67, 95%CI [0.63-0.72]); 0.29, 95%CI [0.25-0.34]; respectively). Obesity/overweight was not associated with the achievement of gross motor milestones, except for sitting without-support. Chronically undernourished infants with low or high BMI/age were generally delayed in the achievement of gross motor milestones than their peers. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic undernutrition is related to delayed gross motor development. Public health measures are needed to be implemented to prevent the double burden of malnutrition and its detrimental effects on infant development.

Estimación del peso conforme a la edad en niños y niñas ecuatorianos: validación de la ecuación APLS / Estimation of weight based on age in Ecuadorian boys and girls: a validation of the APLS formula

INTRODUCCIÓN: en niños y niñas, la aplicación de intervenciones terapéuticas, lo que incluye la administración de medicamentos, se basa en el peso corporal. OBJETIVO: validar las ecuaciones propuestas por "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" en 2011 (APLS 1) y 2001 (APLS 2) para estimar el peso de las niñas y niños ecuatorianos, considerando la diversidad étnica y los grupos de edad. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal que incluyó 21.735 niñas y niños pertenecientes a tres grupos étnicos -mestizo, indígena y otro (blancos, negros y mulatos)- con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 12 años y que habían participado en el estudio ENSANUT-ECU. Se calcularon las diferencias, la correlación de Spearman, los gráficos de Bland-Altman y el porcentaje error (PE). Los datos se procesaron y analizaron usando R. RESULTADOS: la APLS 1 tiende a sobrestimar el peso mientras que la APLS 2 lo subestima. El sesgo del peso estimado fue mayor para la ecuación clásica. Los grupos étnicos indígena y otro presentaron las diferencias más altas con respecto al peso medido. Las diferencias de peso estimado con respecto al medido aumentaron progresivamente con la edad. Con la APLS 1, el porcentaje de individuos con un PE > 10 % fue mayor que con la APLS 2. CONCLUSIONES: la APLS no estima con exactitud el peso en la población pediátrica ecuatoriana. La diferencia entre el peso estimado y el peso medido es sensible a las diferencias étnicas y de edad

INTRODUCTION: in children the use of therapeutic interventions, which includes the administration of medications, is based on body weight. OBJECTIVE: to validate the equations proposed by "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" in 2011 (APLS 1) and 2001 (APLS 2) to estimate weight in Ecuadorian girls and boys, considering their ethnic diversity and age groups. METHODS: a cross-sectional study which included 21,735 girls and boys belonging to three ethnic groups: mestizo, indigenous, and other (white, black, and mulatto), with ages between 0 and 12 years, who participated in the ENSANUT-ECU study. Differences, Spearman's correlation, Bland-Altman graphs, and percentage error (PE) were calculated. Data were processed and analyzed using R. RESULTS: APLS 1 tends to overestimate weight whereas APLS 2 underestimates it. The estimated weight bias was greater for the classical equation. The indigenous and "other" ethnic groups presented the highest differences with respect to measured weight. The differences between estimated weight and measured weight increased progressively with age. With APLS 1, the percentage of individuals with a PE > 10 % was greater than with APLS 2. CONCLUSIONS: APLS does not accurately estimate weight in the Ecuadorian pediatric population. The difference between estimated weight and measured weight is sensitive to ethnic and age differences

[Estimation of weight based on age in Ecuadorian boys and girls: a validation of the APLS formula]. / Estimación del peso conforme a la edad en niños y niñas ecuatorianos: validación de la ecuación APLS.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: in children the use of therapeutic interventions, which includes the administration of medications, is based on body weight. Objective: to validate the equations proposed by "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" in 2011 (APLS 1) and 2001 (APLS 2) to estimate weight in Ecuadorian girls and boys, considering their ethnic diversity and age groups. Methods: a cross-sectional study which included 21,735 girls and boys belonging to three ethnic groups: mestizo, indigenous, and other (white, black, and mulatto), with ages between 0 and 12 years, who participated in the ENSANUT-ECU study. Differences, Spearman's correlation, Bland-Altman graphs, and percentage error (PE) were calculated. Data were processed and analyzed using R. Results: APLS 1 tends to overestimate weight whereas APLS 2 underestimates it. The estimated weight bias was greater for the classical equation. The indigenous and "other" ethnic groups presented the highest differences with respect to measured weight. The differences between estimated weight and measured weight increased progressively with age. With APLS 1, the percentage of individuals with a PE > 10 % was greater than with APLS 2. Conclusions: APLS does not accurately estimate weight in the Ecuadorian pediatric population. The difference between estimated weight and measured weight is sensitive to ethnic and age differences.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: en niños y niñas, la aplicación de intervenciones terapéuticas, lo que incluye la administración de medicamentos, se basa en el peso corporal. Objetivo: validar las ecuaciones propuestas por "Advanced Pediatric Life Support ­ APLS" en 2011 (APLS 1) y 2001 (APLS 2) para estimar el peso de las niñas y niños ecuatorianos, considerando la diversidad étnica y los grupos de edad. Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó 21.735 niñas y niños pertenecientes a tres grupos étnicos ­mestizo, indígena y otro (blancos, negros y mulatos)­ con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 12 años y que habían participado en el estudio ENSANUT-ECU. Se calcularon las diferencias, la correlación de Spearman, los gráficos de Bland-Altman y el porcentaje error (PE). Los datos se procesaron y analizaron usando R. Resultados: la APLS 1 tiende a sobrestimar el peso mientras que la APLS 2 lo subestima. El sesgo del peso estimado fue mayor para la ecuación clásica. Los grupos étnicos indígena y otro presentaron las diferencias más altas con respecto al peso medido. Las diferencias de peso estimado con respecto al medido aumentaron progresivamente con la edad. Con la APLS 1, el porcentaje de individuos con un PE > 10 % fue mayor que con la APLS 2. Conclusiones: la APLS no estima con exactitud el peso en la población pediátrica ecuatoriana. La diferencia entre el peso estimado y el peso medido es sensible a las diferencias étnicas y de edad.

Genetic risk for Alzheimer disease in children: Evidence from early-life IQ and brain white-matter microstructure.

It remains unclear whether the genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is linked to premorbid individual differences in general cognitive ability and brain structure. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the genetic risk of late-onset AD is related to premorbid individual differences in intelligence quotient (IQ) and characteristics of the cerebral white-matter in children. The study sample included children of the Generation R Study from Rotterdam, The Netherlands. IQ was measured using a well-validated Dutch nonverbal IQ test (n = 1908) at ages 5 to 9 years. White-matter microstructure was assessed by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA) of white-matter tracts using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (n = 919) at ages 9 to 12 years. Genetic risk was quantified using three biologically defined genetic risk scores (GRSs) hypothesized to be related to the pathophysiology of late-onset AD: immune response, cholesterol/lipid metabolism and endocytosis. Higher genetic risk for late-onset AD that included genes associated with immune responsivity had a negative influence on cognition and cerebral white-matter microstructure. For each unit increase in the immune response GRS, IQ decreased by 0.259 SD (95% CI [-0.500, -0.017]). For each unit increase in the immune response GRS, global FA decreased by 0.373 SD (95% CI [-0.721, -0.026]). Neither cholesterol/lipid metabolism nor endocytosis GRSs were associated with IQ or cerebral white-matter microstructure. Our findings suggest that elevated genetic risk for late-onset AD may in part be manifest during childhood neurodevelopment through alterations in immune responsivity.

Comportamiento epidemiológico en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en Ecuador / Epidemiological behavior on patients with terminal chronic kidney disease from Ecuador

Introducción: alta prevalencia de la enfermedad renal crónica, en la población adulta de Ecuador. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de la enfermedad renal crónica terminal, en pacientes atendidos en una clínica médica ecuatoriana. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en 84 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal, en tratamiento de hemodiálisis, en la clínica DIALVIDA Ambato, Ecuador, de octubre 2016 a abril 2017. Las variables estudiadas en los pacientes con síntomas de la enfermedad fueron: causas, edad, datos generales, nivel de instrucción, ingresos económicos, estado nutricional según el índice de masa corporal, y hábito de fumar. Resultados: la edad media fue de 52 años, con predominio del sexo masculino del 63,1%. Los mayores de 60 años alcanzaron el 52,4%. La mayoría de los pacientes mostraron bajo nivel de instrucción (sin instrucción: 16,6%; secundaria: 33,3% y primaria; 36,9%). Se observó un predominio de pacientes con ingreso económico menor al salario unificado, el 60,7%, los pacientes normopeso con el 51,2%, seguido de pacientes con sobrepeso con el 25%. El 47,6% eran fumadores. Las causas principales de enfermedad renal fueron: diabetes mellitus (30,9%) e hipertensión arterial (23,8%). La enfermedad apareció con más frecuencia en adultos mayores (45,2%). Conclusiones: la enfermedad renal crónica terminal, predominó en el sexo masculino, en adultos mayores normopeso, no fumadores, y con bajo nivel de instrucción. Las dos primeras causas de enfermedad renal crónica terminal fueron: diabetesmellitus e hipertensión arterial.

Introduction: how chronic kidney disease has become a public health problem in Ecuador. Objective: to describe the epidemiological behavior of terminal chronic kidney disease in patients treated in an Ecuadorian medical clinic. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 84 patients with terminal chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treatment, at the DIALVIDA Ambato clinic, from October 2016 to April 2017. The variables included age of appearance, educational level, economic income, smoking habit and nutritional status according to the index of corporal mass, which are the main causes of this disease. Results: average age was 52 years old. On males prevailed 53 patients a 63.1%; 31 female patients presented 36.9%. The most affected age groups were, with 44 patients over 60 years old, 52.4% and with 27 patients from 40 to 59 years old, 32.1%. The primary level was 31 patients with 36.9%, followed by the secondary level with 28 patients, with 33.3%. Patients without instruction presented 16.6%. A predominance of patients with economic income lower than the unified salary, was observed with 51 patients for 60.7%. Normal-weight patients with 43 for 51.2%, followed by overweight patients with 21 for 25%. Smoking habit was found in 40 patients, showing 47.6%. There was a predominance of 26 patients with diabetes mellitus for 30.9%, followed by 20 patients with hypertension to 23.8%. With 38 patients, predominance in the age of onset of the disease was observed, in those over 60 years of age to 45.2%, followed by ages 40-59 with 30 patients (35.7%). Conclusions: terminal chronic kidney disease is a health problem in the studied population. It usually appears in old normopes males, non-smokers, and with low level of education. Two leading causes of terminal chronic kidney disease were diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension.

Cepario autóctono de leptospiras en la prueba de micro - aglutinación / Micro - agglutination test of Autogenous leptospirosis

Introducción: leptospirosis. Zoonosis más frecuente en Cuba, como enfermedad infecto-contagiosa. Objetivos: identificar las cepas de leptospiras aisladas localmente, para ser empleadas en la prueba de microaglutinación. Apreciar su comportamiento serológico frente a las cepas de referencia. Método: estudio experimental, de sueros de pacientes presuntivos de padecer Leptospirosis, con 60 muestras, en el Instituto Carlos J. Finlay, de La Habana. Identificación de 40 sueros reactores a la hemaglutinación pasiva. Identificación de 34 cepas, de un total de 250 aislamientos, a partir de hemocultivos, de pacientes con antisueros policlonales a serogrupos y anticuerpos monoclonales a serovar. Se conformaron cinco cepasrepresentativas de los serovares: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi e Icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni, como las de mayor circulación en la región. Se realizó la prueba de microaglutinación con las cepas aisladas localmente, y las de referencia de forma paralela. Resultados: mayor reactividad con las cepas locales, y conformación de cinco cepas representantes de los serovares: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi e Icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni, como las de mayor circulación en la región. Se encontró una concordancia de 86,36% en la reactividad. Conclusiones: los resultados mostraron mayor reactividad con las cepas locales que con las de referencia, elevada concordancia e incremento de los títulos de anticuerpos de los sueros reactores usando cepas locales, y disminución del promedio de las reacciones cruzadas cuando se utilizaron las cepas locales. Se demostró su utilidad en la evaluación de estudios inmunológicos.

Introduction: leptospirosis, a contagious infectious disease considered the most common zoonosis in Cuba. Objectives: to identify locally isolated leptospirosis strains for micro- agglutination test. To evaluate their serological behavior against the reference strains. Method: an experimental study of 60 presumptive Leptospirosis patients' serum samples. Forty sera reactive to passive hemagglutination. To isolate 250 blood cultures of patients. To show 34 strains identified at the Carlos J. Finlay Institute, with polyclonal antisera to serogroups and monoclonal antibodies to serovar. Five strains represented by the serovars: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi and Icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni, were the most circulating strains in the region. The microagglutination test was performed in parallel form to locally isolated strains and reference strains Results: greater reactivity with the local strains. Five strains representing the serovars: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi and Icterohaemorrhagiae copenhageni as the most circulating in the region. The reactivity showed 86.36% concordance. Conclusions: there was greater reactivity with the local strains than the reference strains. A higher concordance increased the titers of antibodies of the reactive sera, by the use of local strains. The average of cross reactions decreased when the local strains were used. The evaluation of immunological studies was demonstrated.

Comportamiento epidemiológico en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal en Ecuador / Epidemiological behavior on patients with terminal chronic kidney disease from Ecuador

Introducción: alta prevalencia de la enfermedad renal crónica, en la población adulta de Ecuador.Objetivo: describir el comportamiento epidemiológico de la enfermedad renal crónica terminal, en pacientes atendidos en una clínica médica ecuatoriana. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en 84 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal, en tratamiento de hemodiálisis, en la clínica DIALVIDA Ambato, Ecuador, de octubre 2016 a abril 2017. Las variables estudiadas en los pacientes con síntomas de la enfermedad fueron: causas, edad, datos generales, nivel de instrucción, ingresos económicos, estado nutricional según el índice de masa corporal, y hábito de fumar. Resultados: la edad media fue de 52 años, con predominio del sexo masculino del 63,1 por ciento. Los mayores de 60 años alcanzaron el 52,4 por ciento. La mayoría de los pacientes mostraron bajo nivel de instrucción (sin instrucción: 16,6 por ciento; secundaria: 33,3 por ciento y primaria; 36,9 por ciento). Se observó un predominio de pacientes con ingreso económico menor al salario unificado, el 60,7 por ciento, los pacientes normopeso con el 51,2 por ciento, seguido de pacientes con sobrepeso con el 25 por ciento. El 47,6 por ciento eran fumadores. Las causas principales de enfermedad renal fueron: diabetes mellitus (30,9 por ciento) e hipertensión arterial (23,8 por ciento). La enfermedad apareció con más frecuencia en adultos mayores (45,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: la enfermedad renal crónica terminal, predominó en el sexo masculino, en adultos mayores normopeso, no fumadores, y con bajo nivel de instrucción. Las dos primeras causas de enfermedad renal crónica terminal fueron: diabetesmellitus e hipertensión arterial.(AU)

Introduction: how chronic kidney disease has become a public health problem in Ecuador.Objective: to describe the epidemiological behavior of terminal chronic kidney disease in patients treated in an Ecuadorian medical clinic.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 84 patients with terminal chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treatment, at the DIALVIDA Ambato clinic, from October 2016 to April 2017. The variables included age of appearance, educational level, economic income, smoking habit and nutritional status according to the index of corporal mass, which are the main causes of this disease. Results: average age was 52 years old. On males prevailed 53 patients a 63.1 percent; 31 female patients presented 36.9 percent. The most affected age groups were, with 44 patients over 60 years old, 52.4 percent and with 27 patients from 40 to 59 years old, 32.1 percent. The primary level was 31 patients with 36.9 percent, followed by the secondary level with 28 patients, with 33.3 percent. Patients without instruction presented 16.6 percent. A predominance of patients with economic income lower than the unified salary, was observed with 51 patients for 60.7 percent. Normal-weight patients with 43 for 51.2 percent, followed by overweight patients with 21 for 25 percent. Smoking habit was found in 40 patients, showing 47.6 percent. There was a predominance of 26 patients with diabetes mellitus for 30.9 percent, followed by 20 patients with hypertension to 23.8 percent. With 38 patients, predominance in the age of onset of the disease was observed, in those over 60 years of age to 45.2 percent, followed by ages 40-59 with 30 patients (35.7 percent).Conclusions: terminal chronic kidney disease is a health problem in the studied population. It usually appears in old normopes males, non-smokers, and with low level of education. Two leading causes of terminal chronic kidney disease were diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension.(AU)

Cepario autóctono de leptospiras en la prueba de micro - aglutinación / Micro - agglutination test of Autogenous leptospirosis

Introducción: leptospirosis. Zoonosis más frecuente en Cuba, como enfermedad infecto-contagiosa. Objetivos: identificar las cepas de leptospiras aisladas localmente, para ser empleadas en la prueba de microaglutinación. Apreciar su comportamiento serológico frente a las cepas de referencia. Método: estudio experimental, de sueros de pacientes presuntivos de padecer Leptospirosis, con 60 muestras, en el Instituto Carlos J. Finlay, de La Habana. Identificación de 40 sueros reactores a la hemaglutinación pasiva. Identificación de 34 cepas, de un total de 250 aislamientos, a partir de hemocultivos, de pacientes con antisueros policlonales a serogrupos y anticuerpos monoclonales a serovar. Se conformaron cinco cepasrepresentativas de los serovares: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi e Icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni, como las de mayor circulación en la región. Se realizó la prueba de microaglutinación con las cepas aisladas localmente, y las de referencia de forma paralela.Resultados: mayor reactividad con las cepas locales, y conformación de cinco cepas representantes de los serovares: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi e Icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni, como las de mayor circulación en la región. Se encontró una concordancia de 86,36 por ciento en la reactividad. Conclusiones: los resultados mostraron mayor reactividad con las cepas locales que con las de referencia, elevada concordancia e incremento de los títulos de anticuerpos de los sueros reactores usando cepas locales, y disminución del promedio de las reacciones cruzadas cuando se utilizaron las cepas locales. Se demostró su utilidad en la evaluación de estudios inmunológicos.(AU)

Introduction: leptospirosis, a contagious infectious disease considered the most common zoonosis in Cuba. Objectives: to identify locally isolated leptospirosis strains for micro- agglutination test. To evaluate their serological behavior against the reference strains.Method: an experimental study of 60 presumptive Leptospirosis patients serum samples. Forty sera reactive to passive hemagglutination. To isolate 250 blood cultures of patients. To show 34 strains identified at the Carlos J. Finlay Institute, with polyclonal antisera to serogroups and monoclonal antibodies to serovar. Five strains represented by the serovars: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi and Icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni, were the most circulating strains in the region. The microagglutination test was performed in parallel form to locally isolated strains and reference strainsResults: greater reactivity with the local strains. Five strains representing the serovars: Ballum Ballum, Canicola Canicola, Pomona Pomona, Hebdomadis Wolffi and Icterohaemorrhagiae copenhageni as the most circulating in the region. The reactivity showed 86.36 percent concordance. Conclusions: there was greater reactivity with the local strains than the reference strains. A higher concordance increased the titers of antibodies of the reactive sera, by the use of local strains. The average of cross reactions decreased when the local strains were used. The evaluation of immunological studies was demonstrated.(AU)